Fiber Optic Cables To Detect Tunnels

Researchers from the Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Technion, Israel Institute of Technology have developed an interesting technology to identify and locate the exact position of underground tunnels. This is very useful technology, especially in times of war, when underground tunnels are often used to smuggle prohibited goods and arms into warzones. In some places of the world, underground tunnels are even used to smuggle people across international borders.

Researchers from Technion have used the same kind of fiber optic cables in this technology that are commonly used for telecommunication systems across the world. This system is capable of pinpointing the position of any tunnel, no matter how narrow or wide it may be, at depths more than 60 feet below the surface of the ground. This system is so sensitive; it can locate and identify cracks and strains that are caused in the ground by the process of excavation.

The ground can be affected by a number of disturbances including water percolation and erosion. This unique system is able to create simple profiles for each variety of strain found in the ground and eliminates those that can be caused by natural causes. Using this process of elimination, it can identify the exact variety of strain caused in the ground due to excavation.

This system is based on an existing technology called BOTDR (Brillouin Optical Time Domain Reflectometry) that can measure ground distortion along 15 miles using one device. It then supplies a continuous profile of soil distortions to the device through a fiber optic cable which then performs the function of identifying those ground strain profiles that characterize the process of excavation.
The new technological wonder will be presented in Orlando, Florida, at the Defense, Security and Sensing Conference of SPIE (an international society advancing light-based research) in April 2009.

Geoscientist Explains Strange Rock Formation on Mars

Missions to Mars have brought forth a lot of valuable information about the planet, not all of which has been explained as yet. One such unexplained mystery from Mars has been regarding rocks that have been found on its surface. Rocks in some parts of Mars have been found scattered in strange uniform formations. So far, no ready explanation had been provided for such a uniformly spaced formation of rocks. However, Geoscientist Jon Pelletier, from the University of Arizona in Tucson believes he has solved this mystery.

It has been believed for some time now that the high speed winds that occur frequently on the surface of the planet may have something to do with rocks being scattered in particular formations. However, this theory does not hold much weight, because despite being a very windy planet, the air in the atmosphere of the planet is so thin, that even at high speeds, the wind is incapable of carrying rocks in its stride. The rocks found in these uniformly spaced formations range from the size of a penny to the size of a football. It would have been impossible for the winds on Mars to transport rocks of such varied sizes from one place to another. It is even more improbable that the winds were responsible for dropping these rocks of different shapes and sizes in a uniformly spaced fashion.

While the wind is incapable of moving rocks from one place to another, it certainly can move sand that is present all across the surface of Mars. Geoscientist Jon Pelletier believes that it is this motion of sand that is responsible for the strange rock formations on Mars. And not just that, he believes that the sand makes the rocks move into the direction of the wind as opposed to along with it. Here is how he explains it:

When the wind blows, it moves the loose sand in front of rocks, creating a pit in front of it. On the other hand, some of the sand gets deposited behind the rock as it provides protection against the wind. This mound of sand prevents the rock from rolling backwards and along with the wind. Instead, when the sand in front of the rock gets eroded, it creates a pit, causing the rock to roll forward into the pit and into the direction of the blowing wind. This gets repeated over and over again as long as the wind keeps blowing.

When you consider the effects of this phenomenon on a cluster of rocks, here’s what happens: the rocks in front of the cluster are the first to be affected by the wind, while the ones in the centre and around the back remain protected longer. In the case of a cluster, the pit gets created on the side of the rocks and they end up rolling sideways. The mound of sand that gets created behind them prevents bunching up of rocks and as the wind keeps blowing, the rocks move further apart from each other, but maintain a formation along the original cluster.

Four Habitable Planets - Part 2

This is a continued post, part 1 can be found here

Hey guys, back again with part two of this three part series. This will most likely be the shortest post of the lot, but tomorrows post will be the longest I would say. Anyway, I hope you enjoy the article and make some sense of it! As always views and comments are appreciated.

The third type of planet we explore are the icy worlds. These are the planets that have water underneath their surface, rather than above it. The moon of Jupiter, Europa is a perfect example of what is trying to be said here. However Europa is part the point in the solar system where ice can change to water. Apparently once it is past the certain point, it can no longer become water.

The acceptable appearance of accouter zones thinks of a bounded brilliant as actuality the prime activity source. Worlds like Europa however that are icy, added factors appear into play, such as the gravitational cull of additional planets. Worlds with aqueous baptize under icy layers could potentially be inhabited by simple bacilli admitting actuality far from the accepted accouter zone, so continued as activity is provided in some added way.

That concludes part two, part three will be up tomorrow!

Four Habitable Planets - Part 1

Now two mysteries that have faced scientists for years are; how are existence came about and other worlds that could possibly have life on. Now although so much research and thought has been put into these two topics; there is no certain answer just yet.

A man by the name of Jan Hendrik Bredehöft has come along with a few ideas relating to whether planets can be habitable. I will bring this story to you in three parts, this being the first one. Expect the others to be posted over the next few days. This research will definitely help scientists in their search as this can narrow things down; as well as provide places to send out programs to bring back pictures of different planets.

Earth Like Worlds
Firstly, Earth Like Worlds were brought up. Well all planets like this a habitable; thus they are under control in the search. Planets like this would need to be able to handle complex life; have oxygen, a liquid base of water, normal climate and of course livable temperatures.

Mars Like Worlds
The second and last one I will have in this post were suggested to be worlds such as Mars and Venus. These worlds were once like Earth but have since changed. Mars became very dry and little to no water can be found on it. Due to the greenhouse effect Venus became too hot for anything to live on!

But Bredehöft believes there is still a possibility these planets could be habitable. He believes over time, living things would have got used to the conditions and eventually been able to exist and live a normal life. He says that the Earth has gone through so much in past times yet survived it, why wouldn’t other living things on other planets do the same? He makes a strong point in saying that once life is established it is very hard to destroy or kill off.

Methane Levels Take An Upward Spiral

After seven years of no apparent increase, methane levels have steadily begun to rise. If you believe in the Global Warming controversy, this may just be something that is speeding it up. Dr Paul Fraser from the CSIRO says that studies done of 12 stations have shown an increase in methane levels.

Fraser notes - after seven years of little to no growth, methane levels have now shown signs of rising to what we saw in the early 1990s. A chief research scientist made a claim that the methane levels shown, are perhaps going to cause a spurring in global warming. He says, if methane levels continue to grow at this rate, it will be the second most important greenhouse gas to control, after CO2.

Fraser adds methane is accountable for around 20% of all greenhouse gases. It is twenty times more powerful than carbon dioxide. Seeing as it is a greenhouse gas, it comes from places like natural wet habitats, some fires, mines and some gases.

Emissions accept been counterbalanced over the accomplished decade by accustomed sinks that blot the gas and through blaze into the atmosphere. Fraser says sources of methane accept been growing with arising of close wetlands for agronomical use and added deposit ammunition use. However, the abolition of accustomed close wetlands removes an important bore from the aerial equation.